كاتاكومب

ملف:Palermo Rosalia Lombardo.jpg

Catacombe dei Cappuccini
Rosalia Lombardo as she appeared in 1995. She died in 1920

كاتاكومب (أو معبد سراديب الموتى) هو سراديب موتى في بالرمو, صقلية, جنوبي إيطاليا. Today they provide a somewhat macabre tourist attraction as well as an extraordinary historical record.

Palermo's Capuchin monastery outgrew its original cemetery in the 16th century and monks began to excavate crypts below it. In 1599 they mummified one of their number, recently-dead brother Silvestro of Gubbio, and placed him into the catacombs.

The bodies were dehydrated on the racks of ceramic pipes in the catacombs and sometimes later washed with vinegar. Some of the bodies were embalmed and others enclosed in sealed glass cabinets. Monks were preserved with their everyday clothing and sometimes with ropes they had worn as a penance.

Originally the catacombs were intended only for the dead friars. However, in the following centuries it became a status symbol to be entombed into the capuchin catacombs. In their wills, local luminaries would ask to be preserved in certain clothes, or even to have their clothes changed at regular intervals. Priests wore their clerical vestments, others were clothed according to the contemporary fashion. Relatives would visit to pray for the deceased and also to maintain the body in presentable condition. The catacombs were maintained through the donations of the relatives of the deceased. Each new body was placed in a temporary niche and later placed into a more permanent place. As long as the contributions continued, the body remained in its proper place but when the relatives did not send money any more, the body was put aside on a shelf until they continued to pay.

Interments

The last friar interred into the catacombs was Brother Riccardo in 1871 but other famous people were still interred. The catacombs were officially closed in 1880 but tourists continued to visit. The last burials are from the 1920s. One of the very last to be interred was Rosalia Lombardo, then two years old, whose body is still remarkably intact, preserved with a procedure that was lost for decades, but was recently rediscovered. The embalming procedure, performed by Professor Alfredo Salafia, consisted of formalin to kill bacteria, alcohol to dry the body, glycerin to keep her from overdrying, salicylic acid to kill fungi, and the most important ingredient, zinc salts (zinc sulfate and zinc chloride) to give the body rigidity. The formula is 1 part glycerin, 1 part formalin saturated with both zinc sulfate and chloride, and 1 part of an alcohol solution saturated with salicylic acid.

The catacombs contain about 8000 mummies that line the walls. The halls are divided into categories: Men, Women, Virgins, Children, Priests, Monks, and Professionals. Some bodies are better preserved than others. Some are set in poses; for example, two children are sitting together in a rocking chair. The coffins were accessible to the families of the deceased so that on certain days the family could hold their hands and they could "join" their family in prayer.

Famous people buried in the catacombs include:

• Colonel Enea DiGuiliano (in French Bourbon uniform)
• Salvatore Manzella, surgeon
• Lorenzo Marabitti, sculptor
• Filipo Pennino, sculptor
• Son of a king of Tunis who had converted to Catholicism
• Allegedly Velázquez, Spanish painter, was buried in the Fuensalida vault of the church of San Juan Bautista (Madrid,Spain), and within eight days his wife Juana was buried beside him.
• Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa is sometimes said to be buried in the catacombs, but he is buried in the cemetery next to them.

Tourism

The catacombs are open to the public. Taking photographs inside is supposedly prohibited, however the bodies have been shown on television programmes such as the BBC TV series Francesco's Italy: Top to Toe, Ghosthunting With Paul O'Grady and Friends on ITV2 in 2008 and The Learning Channel in 2000. Iron grills have been installed to prevent tourists tampering or posing with the corpses.

Gallery

• New Corridor
  New Corridor
• Monks' Corridor
  Monks' Corridor
• Women's Corridor
  Women's Corridor

انظر أيضا

• Capuchin Crypt
• Capela dos Ossos

References

Dario Piombino-Mascali, Arthur C. Aufderheide, Stephanie Panzer, Albert R. Zink, 2010. Mummies from Palermo. In Alfred Wieczorek, Wilfried Rosendahl (Eds) Mummies of the World. The Dream of Eternal Life. Prestel, New York: 357-361.

وصلات خارجية

• Paolo Ventura - Dressed for Eternity
• King's Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo
• Paradoxplace Catacombe Cappuccini Page
• The Mummies of Palermo

de:Kapuzinergruft (Palermo) Capuchin catacombs of Palermo]] es:Catacumbas de los Capuchinos fr:Catacombes capucines de Palerme it:Catacombe dei Cappuccini nl:Catacomben van de Capucijnen (Palermo) ru:Катакомбы капуцинов (Палермо) sv:Palermos katakomber th:สุสานใต้ดินคาพูชิน